zaterdag 26 juli 2008

Energie

Het NOS-journaal besteedt deze week dagelijks aandacht aan (de gevolgen van) het smeltende ijs op de Noordpool. Onder wetenschappers bestaat nog altijd geen communis opinio over het antwoord op de vraag of de opwarming van de aarde nu (uitsluitend) het gevolg is van onze eigen activiteiten. Er is immers altijd al sprake geweest van een afwisseling van warme en koude tijdperken. Van dit soort dingen heb ik nauwelijks verstand, maar ik kan me wel voorstellen dat onze activiteiten een natuurlijk proces versnellen.

Waar, geloof ik, wel iedereen over eens is, is dát het ijs op de Noordpool, althans het zomerijs, aan het smelten is. Er zijn mensen die daar een beetje bezorgd naar kijken, maar er zijn ook mensen die daar bijna verlekkerd naar zitten te kijken: regeringen en raden van bestuur van grote oliemaatschappijen. Olie en gas immers leveren veel centjes op en onder dat ijs schijn je nogal wat olie en gas te kunnen vinden. De United States Geological Survey raamt de hoeveelheden, volgens Trouw, op 90 miljard vaten olie en 47 biljoen kubieke meter aardgas. Dat lijkt veel, maar: De wereld verbruikt nu 86 miljoen vaten per dag. Dat wil zeggen dat de wereld in dit tempo met de Arctische voorraden drie jaar vooruit kan. Dat klinkt al wat anders. Moet je voor drie jaar olie een tot nu toe redelijk ongerept gebied blootstellen aan de gevaren van vervuiling? Als we daar olie en gas gaan winnen, gaat er volgens 'Murphy's Law' op een gegevn moment iets fout en stroomt een grote hoeveelheid olie de Noordelijke IJszee in. Daar zullen ijsberen, walrussen en zeehonden niet blij mee zijn.

Ik heb wel eens horen verluiden dat energie niet alleen uit fossiele brandstoffen gehaald hoeft te worden. Er schijnen methoden te zijn om op schone manier energie op te wekken: met windmolens, met zonnecellen, met biomassa. In datzelfde Trouw lees ik dat er nog twee schone methodes zijn. Zo hoef je planten niet eerst dood te laten gaan en ze dan tot biomassa te verwerken. Slimmeriken aan de Universiteit van Wageningen hebben aangetoond dat je gewone groeiende en bloeiende plantjes electriciteit kunt laten opwekken. Op een veld van een hectare zou de techniek ongeveer 14.000 watt opleveren. Dat is genoeg om 28 huishoudens van stroom te voorzien. Er is nog een andere snaakse mogelijkheid: het bij elkaar laten komen van zoet en zout water levert ook energie op. Overal waar rivieren in zeeën stromen - en dat gebeurt vrij veel - kan die energie dus opgewekt worden. Nu moet er alleen nog wat meer onderzoek gedaan worden, bijvoorbeeld moet nagegaan worden of je deze manieren van energieopwekking op een voordelige manier exploitabel kunt maken. Voor dat onderzoek is geld nodig. Maar ja, met die hoge olieprijzen van tegenwoordig is het leven toch al zo duur, dus of ze dat geld kunnen vinden?

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